Sunday, August 23, 2020

Ebola Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ebola - Essay Example This scourge at last detailed a gross increment in casualty cases up to about 71% in West Africa. Extra instances of Ebola infection have been knowledgeable about Nigeria and Senegal. Thusly, a portion of the United States of America clinical specialists who were on life-sparing missions in West Africa gotten this infection. This examination paper explains on the inception, worldwide appropriation and wellbeing effects of Ebola infection. The disclosure of Ebola infection follows its root from focal Africa along stream Zaire in Congo-Zaire. Nobleman Peter Piot was the lead specialist behind the disclosure of Ebola fix. This Belgium microbiologist helped in the disclosure of Ebola infection in 1976. He set out determined to contain the principal at any point recorded Ebola infection around the same time. The characteristic repository for Ebola infection was fundamentally never distinguished at first. This infection causative specialist in any case was later uncovered in the year 1989. Ebola Reston (EBOR), then again, was first recognized in 1989 (Wilson 111). This infection rose up out of imported primates when contaminated monkeys were imported from Mindanao in Philippines into Reston, Virginia. Tragically, a less populace around was likewise contaminated with Ebola Reston (EBOR). This infection was an inert structure (Seroconverted). The infection, in this way, didn't recover in the RNA. Moreover, Ebola infection ind isputably neglected to form into Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF). Ebola originally rose as a basic disease however engaged with a huge loss of lives in Congo-Zaire. As much as there were fantasies and misinterpretations behind this obscure infection, logical mediations needed to refute religion. Ebola developed in 1976 in Congo-Zaire and Sudan. In this manner, this infection was named after Ebola River in Zaire. The First (Ebola-Sudan) flare-up tainted around 284 individuals. Thus, the contaminated people had a death pace of 53% (Wilson 127). A couple of months after the fact, there was a re-contamination of Ebola in Yambuku Zaire. This strain

Friday, August 21, 2020

Starting Up a Cookie Company

Firing up a treat organization nearby You and your flat mate are planning to begin an organization creating treats in your oncampus loft. By firing up this business, you need to give new treats to starving individual understudies late around evening time. Be that as it may, you despite everything need to make sense of certain parts of the plan of action, for example, the cost to charge, regardless of whether you will have the option to cause benefit and what number of requests you to can acknowledge. The business idea You have an uncommon thought: to heat new treats on conveyance, utilizing a client picked mix of ingredients.The treats can be gotten up loft inside 60 minutes. A few components will empower you to be not quite the same as your rivals, for example, locally acquired treats. To begin with, the treats will be new since they may be created after the request is gotten. Along these lines, the purchaser will get treats that are actually hot out of the stove. Second, you will h ave an assortment of fixings accessible to add to the fundamental batter, including chocolate chips, M&M’s, slashed Heath bars, coconut, pecans, and raisins. Purchasers will phone in their requests and indicate which of these fixings they need in their cookies.Consequently, you will have the freshest, most colorful treats anyplace, accessible to your kindred understudies close to grounds. The creation procedure Baking treats is basic: blend all the fixings in a food processor, spoon out the treat batter onto a plate, put the treats into the stove, prepare the treats, remove the plate of treats from the broiler, let the treats cool lastly, take them of the plate and pack them in a case. You and your flat mate effectively own all the vital capital gear: a food processor, treat plate and spoons. Your condo is outfitted with a little broiler that can hold one plate at a time.Your proprietor pays your power. Thusly, the variable expenses are simply the expense of the fixings ( evaluated to be 1 Euro/dozen), the expense of the crate wherein the treats are pressed (0,30 Euro/box, each case holds twelve treats), and your time (what worth do you place on your time? ) A progressively point by point depiction of the creation procedure is portrayed underneath. The initial step of the entire procedure is to take the request. Your flat mate has made sense of how to do this rapidly and This case is an adjusted rendition of the Kristen Cookie case, Harvard Business Review. ith 100% precision: by utilizing electronic mail to acknowledge orders and to educate clients when the request will be prepared. Since this procedure runs consequently, it doesn't take any of your time. Thusly, this progression will be disregarded in further investigation of the procedure. You and your flat mate have planned the essential physical activities. The primary physical creation step is to clean out the blending bowl from the past bunch, include the entirety of the fixings, and blend the m in your food processor. The blending bowls hold elements for up to three dozen cookies.You then dish up the treats, each dozen in turn onto a treat attempt. These exercises take around six minutes for the washing and blending steps, paying little mind to what number of treats (I. e. , at least one handfuls). In any case, dishing up the treats onto the plate takes two minutes for every plate per dozen. The subsequent stage, performed by your flat mate, is to placed the treats in the stove and set the indoor regulator and clock, which takes around one moment. The treats prepare for the following nine minutes. So the all out heating time is 10 minutes, during which your flat mate is caught up with setting the broiler during the first minute.Since the stove just holds one plate, a subsequent dozen takes an extra 10 minutes to prepare. Your flat mate additionally plays out the last strides of the procedure by first expelling the treats from the stove and setting them aside to cool for 5 minutes, at that point cautiously pressing them in a crate and tolerating installment. Expelling the treats from the broiler takes just a unimportant measure of time, since it must be done quickly. Moreover, it takes two minutes to pack every dozen and around one moment to acknowledge installment for the order.As experienced bread cooks know, the depiction above contains a few rearrangements. For instance, the primary bunch of treats for the night requires preheating the broiler. Be that as it may, such complexities will be set aside until further notice. It would be ideal if you start your investigation by building up a procedure stream graph of the cookiemaking procedure. Question before firing up your business To dispatch your business, you have to set costs and rules for tolerating orders. A few issues might be settled after you begin and evaluate various methods of delivering the cookies.Before you start, in any case, you at any rate need a primer arrangement, which as much a This case is an adjusted rendition of the Kristen Cookie case, Harvard Business Review. conceivable determines, with the goal that you can do a cautious count of how much time you should dedicate to this business every night, and how much cash you can hope to make. For instance, when you lead a market study to decide the reasonable interest, you will need to indicate precisely what your request strategies will be. Accordingly, you should respond to the accompanying operational inquiries: How long will it take you to take care of a surge request? - what number requests would you be able to fill in a night, expecting you are open four hours every night? - How your very own lot and your roommate’s significant time will it take to take care of each request? - Because your heating plate can hold precisely one dozen treats, you will deliver and sell treats by the dozen. Would it be a good idea for you to give any limit for individuals who request two dozen treats, three dozen trea ts, or more? Assuming this is the case, what amount? Will it take you any more drawn out to take care of a twodozen treat request than a one-dozen treat request? What number of food processors and heating plate will you need? - Are there any progressions you can make in your creation designs that will likewise permit you to improve treats or more treats in less time or at lower cost? For instance, is there bottleneck activity in your creation procedure that you can extend inexpensively? What is the impact of including another stove? What amount would you pay to lease an extra stove? This case is an adjusted adaptation of the Kristen Cookie case, Harvard Business Review.

Thursday, July 9, 2020

Write About Whether Automobiles Have Improved Life Or Not - 275 Words

Write About Whether Automobiles Have Improved Life Or Not (Essay Sample) Content: Student:Professor:Course:Date:Automobiles and Modern LifePros and cons characterize the invention of automobiles. However, the inconveniences and problems caused by the use of automobiles in the modern age are drastic. The resultant effect is causing a major catastrophe in the lives of people globally. There are a large number of automobiles driving on the roads. Harmful greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide are creating climate change resulting in effects of a warmer climate. The result is a change in the seasons causing hotter summers. The glaciers are melting causing a shift in water levels and negatively influencing precipitation ("Has Automobiles Improved Modern Life or Caused Problems?").Automobiles produce a lot of noise resulting in the distraction of activities that require peaceful environments. It distracts people living in town apartments and they cannot have a peaceful sleep. Scientific research indicates that the noise could result in health effects like vomiting and dizziness. Progressively, the number of automobiles on the roads is rapidly increasing resulting in traffic jams ("Has Automobiles Improved Modern Life or Caused Problems?"). The jams cause inconveniences to travelers, and even in the case of emergencies, people could get frustrated and lives lost. The increase in automobiles has directly led to a rise in travel costs.Use of automobiles characterizes poor health development. Although they have created movement convenience, there is a resultant effect on the physical health of individuals. Most drivers do not take their time to walk and perform exercises; rather they use automobil...

Tuesday, May 19, 2020

Core Issues in Crime and Punishment - 3260 Words

Critically evlaute which criminologc Jimmy Boyles autobiography A Sense of Freedom (1977) gives a very interesting and honest insight into his life of crime and incarceration. The autobiography, written from inside prison, is according to Boyle an attempt to warn young people that there is not anything glamorous about crime and violence. It gives a full narration of his life from a very young age, with a detailed insight into his childhood, experiences of petty crime, approved schools and borstal, right through to his adult experiences of more serious crime, violence and adult prisons, including his interpretation of the Penal System. Reading this autobiography I aimed to remain detached from the author and seek to create an independent†¦show more content†¦In this sense for Boyle the benefit of committing crime outweighed the cost, which explains his ongoing criminal behaviour. However, these benefits received would be an after effect of committing these crimes. What the Rational Choice theory fails to explain is why the need for committing the crime in the first place. Although Rational Choice theory does mention the psychological and sociological aspects that the offender brings with them into certain situations, it bases these aspects on calculating whether to commit the crime or not, rather than what sociological or psychological effects would contribute towards committing the crime in the first place i.e. strain, inequality, poverty, learned behaviour etc. Therefore it still does not seek to explain the individuals social circumstances. In this sense according to Newburn (2007) it fails to take sufficient account of the structural conditions within which individual decision-making takes place (Newburn, 2007,296) Simply Rational Choice theory does not explain the reasons for committing crime in the first place. It explains the process that takes place when there is an opportunity for crime. According to Newburn (2007) it fails to explain or is unconcerned with the motivation of the o ffender. What it does seek to explain is the reasons why offenders such as BoyleShow MoreRelatedJustification Of Punishment Justified By Ted Honderinch s Punishment1038 Words   |  5 PagesWhy punish? Is the use of punishment Justified? Ted Honderinch’s Punishment: The supposed Justifications Revisited aim to answer these questions. Punishment is at the core of our punitive systems, therefore society needs to establish a well thought-out moral explanation as to why we punish and what we aim to achieve with the use of punishment. Honderinch set out to analyze the supposed moral claims that justify the practice of punishment and to determine if they are satisfactory enough for the intentionalRead MoreThe Theory Of The Criminal Justice System931 Words   |  4 Pages The notion that punishment should be equal to the crime is a major philosophy in the US criminal justice system. However, finding a great balance between justice and punishment is often a blurred line. Over the past 40 years, the population of state and federal prisons have risen drastically. Polices such as the war on drugs and get tough on crime have caused judges to give out more incarceration years than ever before. With such are large prison population, the resources needed to operate isRead MoreA Liberal Perspective On Capital Punishment1247 Words   |  5 PagesCapital Punishment The liberal ideology is based in the values of individualism, in that the individual themselves is important in their pursuit and struggle for freedom. There are some factors that are common in liberalism, some of which include: liberty, formation of equality and dominance of individuals in bearing within their society. This essay will discuss these ideas of liberalism in relation to how they support the controversial issue of capital punishment. Capital punishment is the sentencingRead MorePunishment Of A Crime And Criminal Justice System994 Words   |  4 Pages The history of punishment in America has had multiple changes in order for the rules and regulations to adapt to societies changing ways. The most common punishment is jail time or imprisonment, however in this date and age time punishment is not the only option to punish a criminal of the society, probation, parole, house arrest and even being put in solitary confinement, or worse the death penalty are options. With this in mind we must as a society and criminal justice system be able to applyRead MoreIs The Criminal Justice Reform?957 Words   |  4 Pages Every prison is designed to punish for crimes committed, but not to torture a human being. The criminal justice reform in Africa focuses on alternative sentencing to improve conditions inside prisons and reduce recidivism. In 1996, a meeting was held in Kampala, Uganda to create a more effective penal system. The Deputy Chief of Justice of Uganda declared the official implementation of community service in 2001 . As a result of the Kampala declaration, the community service program was acceptedRead MoreIs The Death Penalty Ever Justified?1099 Words   |  5 Pagesboth supporters and protesters of the death penalty. Arguing against capital punishment, many believe The death penalty is the ultimate denial of human rights (White).† Some simply believe it to be premeditated and cold-blooded killing of a human being by the state in the name of justice (about.com). It violates the right to life. Some would even argue that this violates the Eight Amendment for no cruel or unusual pu nishment inflected. Many argue that the death penalty diminishes all of us, increasesRead MoreEssay on Death Penalty for Youth Offenders935 Words   |  4 PagesFounded in the Principles of Babalyonian in 1780 BCE, the Code of Hammurabi first established the action of retalitation and retribution of an eye for an eye. Over time punishment theories have developed from retribution, detterence, incapacitation, rehabilitation and reform. Regardless of this development the death penalty has been in existence as far back as history can tell. The death penalty is a concept of retribution, its a simple and swift answer to physical or pyschological harmRead MoreDeterrence Theory And Its Effect On The Individual s Perception Of The Crime Essay1147 Words   |  5 Pagesperspective should be addressed to encompass the crime. Deterrence theory understands that when there is a low likelihood of getting caught or the punishment is minimal it will not deter the individual from the crime. This theory theorizes the individual as a rational actor who understand the penalties and can logically think and control their actions accordingly. Shoplifters may not be informed of the likelihood of detection, risks, or other punishments of the crime. In this theory: Perceptions of sanctionRead MoreThe Prison System Should Be Abolished1237 Words   |  5 Pagesprison system which is a significant part of punishment is incompetent and deeply flawed in the United States. Prison system reform needs immediate attention while abolition permanently will require time. Nietzsche’s theory of punishment explains how punishment come about in society and Davis’s critique of the prison system helps back my argument that the prison system needs to be abolished. Traditionally, there have been four justifications for punishment: deterrence, confinement, rehabilitation andRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Eliminated1679 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the history of humanity, punishments have been in place for the wrongful acts of citizens within governmental systems of all kinds. In America during the early days of the country, the death penalty was a more viable solution than it appears today due to the quality of the prisons, which couldn’t sustain prisoners long-term. (Von Drehle, 2015). Today, this is not an issue with prisons that are provided both by the state and federal governments and that are fully capable of holding offenders

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Social Stratification in India and the United States Essay

As a result of increasing populations, various governments around the world have developed socially stratified societies as a means to control their inhabitants. In these societies â€Å"people are hierarchy divided and ranked into social strata†¦and do not share equally in basic resources that support survival† (Haviland, 2008; 258). More specifically, the Hindu cast system in India and the social class system in the United States of America are two examples of social stratification that have been developed to control a large population into a manageable number of social categories. Although these two forms of taxonomy are distinct and unique in their own right, they are very similar in the sense that they control a large heterogeneous group†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, the religious belief in karma conditions people of lower casts to behave accordingly, so as to not jeopardize their upward movement into higher categories when they are reincarnated. A simil ar system of stratification is the class system used in the United States. As seen in the film People Like Us, this system is composed of an upper, middle and lower social class in which its members share interests, opinions and a common outlook on life. Like in India, individuals are usually born into their respective classes giving them certain limitations and guidelines to follow. The upper class is composed of social elites who are wealthy and usually become powerful figures in society, such as politicians or the owners of major corporations (Louis Alvarez and Andrew Kolker, 2001). On the other hand, the lower class is composed of hard working people who are poor and usually stay within their strata due to race, lifestyle and the occupations that are available to them with little or no opportunity for upward mobility. For example, Karen Brodkin Sacks asserts in her article â€Å"How Did Jews Become White Folks,† that â€Å"the United States has a history of anti-Semitism and of beliefs that Jews [and African Americans] were members of an inferior race† therefore, they were classified asShow MoreRelatedSocial Stratification, Inequality and Slavery Essay976 Words   |  4 PagesBackground: Social stratification is the structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and powers in a society it includes slavery, castes, the estate system, and social classes. Social stratification can been seen necessary through a functionalist eyes due to the fact that it motivates people to accept all jobs required for the society to survive. Conflict theorists see stratification as a major source of societal tension and conflict, different social levelsRead MoreThe United States Of America And India Essay881 Words   |  4 Pagesglance, the United States of America and India do not seem to have many similarities, however after researching them further it became very clear that they are more alike than they are different. They share, what I feel, is one of the biggest restraints on societal growth, forms of social stratification. Social stratification is the division or categorization of people based on their socioeconomic strata, occupation, inco me, wealth or derived power and may even be identified as social structure. SocialRead MoreGlobal Stratification721 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Global stratification generally has a negative reputation. Critics see outsourcing as impacting both domestic and foreign countries in a negative way. 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Percptions And Experiences On Provision †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Examining Nurses Percptions And Experiences On Provision Of Psycholoical Care To Burn Victims On Recovery Phase. Answer: Identifying research question Burn victims psychological needs are a very crucial part in recovery of their burn injuries. Moreover, little has been done on investigating the psychological care to burn patients. According to Bernstein (1976) he explored the idea on patients who had suffered large burn on their body surface area and burn on some body parts which are visible and concluded that those who had survived burns injuries have to agree with their new body shape and appreciate their worthiness following their burn injuries. Therefore, Bernstein proposes what the burn patients should overcome in their daily lives pertaining their new body shapes according to their psychological needs BUT he does not address on how to overcome and offer social and emotional support to we these challenges and burn patients. Thus, there lies a research gap to be undertaken to capture this bit of gap that exists between we and the burn patients. Burns patients need psychological assessment and also need to be provided both psychological support and care in the burns unit areas. According to previous conducted studies and findings it is found that a few patients who suffered burn reported statistically significant psychological matters because of their burn injuries as there is no discussion while being taken to hospital. Therefore, the proposed research topic is an emerging issue in the society and the researcher identifies this research gap in order to address the psychological issues on burn victims and to give a greater attention in-depth to this emerging issue. Past studies show that very little has been researched on relating to psychological issues and much of crucial information and actions have been neglected. And this brings greater suffering to the burn patients who really need mutual support from the society around them. Many studies and findings on the proposed research topic reveal that majority of burn victims are prone to psychological harm before recovery in burns unit. This motivates the researcher to undertake the proposed study so as to identify the research gaps in order to address the issue of psychological care to the burn victims very effectively and take necessary action to curb the vice against burn injuries. The researcher would also want to know the nurses role towards provision of psychological care to the burn victims and gain an opinion and new ideas of the subject. Literature review Many studies related to burn injuries are majorly based on various burns physical implications that concentrate mainly on major burn injuries. This literature review focuses majorly on various social and psychological implications and the nurses beliefs concerning the issues. Most of research studies in this area were found to use qualitative research methods that were effectively used for data collection analysis and interpretation. Some of the relevant topics in this area have been explored and discussed in depth in past studies and therefore this proposed study would only try to discuss in depth the very crucial information that seem to have lag behind. This would give a clear insight of these relevant topics and fill the research gap that seems to be unfilled and even allow for that gap for conducting future study in related areas. This underlying proposed study therefore addresses the following themes under the research topic of study. Psychological indictors/implications There is a very great risk of Burn victims resulting to some psychological effects that may differ from individual to the other. Complexities that may occur to a burn victim include, stress, depression, grief, sleep disturbances and anxiety. Depression is one of the most common side effects among the burn patients, (Lawrence et al, 2006). Moi et al. (2008), acknowledges that some psychological effects are predisposing factors that can cause depression, these include; isolation, stigmatization and social withdrawal. Hulbert-Williams et al. (2008) conducted a series of qualitative studies using qualitative methods to investigate the levels of anxiety related to severe burn in environs of Britain. The findings of the study reported that burn victims needed not just more of physical treatment but also in overcoming the stress and trauma that results from burn and much of therapy was necessary to reduce depression, anxiety and any other psychological issues experienced by burn patients. Psychological assessment and treatment of psychological issues is assigned roles to the nurses who really contribute to greater extend the physical recovery of the patient. Psychological interventions Blakeney et al. (2005) undertook a qualitative research that investigated how shorts term skill can help people to improve on stress and depression. The study composed of two groups that are, the treatment group and the control. The results of the research findings showed that the case (who received interventions workshops) as there were less withdrawal and had fewer parietal complaints and control group recorded no significant change. Muangman et al. (2005). conducted a study that focused on the benefits of psychological and physical variables which could be used to forecast survival in burn patients with serious and large burn injuries. He made some conclusions from his findings that really could be used to draw some inferences of the phenomenon. It concluded that lack of social support from family or friends and the society exposed burn victims to very high complications risks and therefore the nursing workers should take an initiative to support the patients and play their intervention role. This would reduce stress and anxiety levels the burn victims might be undergoing. Following the past studies in this area, it can be concluded that psychological interventions this will promote and increase patient recovery rate following burn injuries. Nursing Role According Greenfield (2010) besides knowledge required in burn care regarding physical effects, some effort is also required in rehabilitation services in burns unit and also psychological skills. Therefore, rehabilitation should take place in the very first day of admission in burns unit with the aim of restoring the whole self-esteem to the burn victims and enhancing psychological skills that may be of benefit to the patient. This would promote social support and psychological care and even improving the well-being of the burn victims who really are under hospitalization. This can be achieved through positive nursing input working in collaboration with patients and families to ensure continuous and efficient communication with both parties (Williams 2009). Finally, severe burn injuries need nursing interventions, therefore, patients who are suffering from these severe burn injuries often depend on nurses and nursing interventions in all areas of burns unit. Nurses should play a key role in their profession in handling all the cases and negative experiences encountered by the patients in the right manner. Nurses do assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation based on psychological care of burn victims (Baker et al. 2007) Research question The researcher intends to investigate the psychological issue in-depth and gain an insight of the same. He would also like to establish the role played by registered nurses Hospitals and hospital staff towards provision of psychological care to the burn victims. This would generally be of benefit to the burn victims and the concerned bodies. Much attention has to be paid towards offering psychological care to burn victims who suffer both acute and major burn injuries in visible body locations. As these burn injuries may bring a discomfort to the burn victims such as stress overload, loneliness, stigmatization, isolation, decreased self -esteem and other vices. Therefore, some improvised methods to improve service provision and burn treatment need to be implemented by the concerned bodies such as hospitals. Therefore, there exists a research gap in this area that will address all the factors that may contribute to the proposed study. This proposed study will therefore try to address the research question what are nurses perceptions and experience of providing psychological care for burn victims. Aims and objectives The underlying proposed study will answer this research question what are nurses perceptions and experiences of providing psychological care for burn victims? Some crucial emphasis on reviewing patients psychological care is necessary especially when the burn victims are under hospitalization. The nurses are entitled to the role of providing optimal psychological care to burn victims and also offering psychological assessment of the burn victims in the burns unit. The researcher therefore undertakes this proposed study to examine the nurses experience and perception in ensuring and providing psychological care to victims of burn Methodology A descriptive qualitative research design will be adopted for this proposed study for it will explore the research question under the proposed study. This research design selected for the research would be suitable to achieve the objective of the study since it is suited to answering the research question under study. Qualitative studies provide researchers with a chance to study behaviors, feelings, perspectives and experiences in depth. It also enlightens the researchers on quality and complexity of certain situations in holistic framework (Halloway and Wheeler 2002). This design facilitates qualitative methods under the proposed study that the researcher will use to justify the findings of the study. Qualitative research makes use of quantitative approach to gain insight necessary in the study. Given that there are mainly four approaches used in qualitative research namely phenomenology, historiography, ethnography and grounded theory, this research adopted none of the approaches, (Burn Groove, 2009). They were not suitable this study due to reliability and validity issues. The design chosen in the research must be the one which is most appropriate to answer and obtain objectives of the research question, (Parahoo, 2006). The descriptive approach help in explaining and describing the necessary and most important findings in a more exclusive way which free from error, biases and distortion, it help to describe, identify and summarize new issues or current position, (Brabury J. et al. 2009). The study chose this approach as researcher want to identify current issues with nurses perception, justify it or describe it. The design is appropriate as it facilitates achievement of research objective and aims. Sample Purposive sampling technique will be used. The sampling frame will be obtained by deploying nursing staff from a recognized regional burns unit established within the Melbourne, Australia. This sampling technique will only involve a small sample due to the complexity of the study and sequential analysis of data that will be required. The researcher would therefore request for permission of data collection from the involved bodies before gaining any consent from the participants. Data collection The researcher will conduct data collection for qualitative study. The data will be gathered through intensive interviews that will entail open -ended and semi-structured questions for clarity through open discussions. Oral interviews will give the researcher an opportunity to gather any additional information and also be able to identify some ambiguities in his research and seek clarification where necessary. In the process of data collection, the researcher will be expected to maintain the anonymity of the participants and their privacy during the interviews. Data analysis From data collection methods, qualitative data would be collected. The researcher will therefore employ the appropriate data analysis techniques for qualitative data. The data analysis process will be based on three activities data reduction, interpretation and reducing data into patterns/stratum for easy analysis. Data cleaning will also take process to remove ambiguous data points before any analysis commences. Statistical software such as SPSS, EXCEL and others will be used in analysis of the qualitative data. Data that will be gathered during the data collection process will reduced to strata and be categorized in order to identify similar themes and also effect the process of data cleaning. The process of data analysis will be accompanied by data interpretation of the findings of the research. Ethical considerations of the study Professionalism: this ensures professional ethics and codes are followed by the researcher. This also helps the researcher to have self respect and respect those who will be in the study. Confidentiality: the researcher is bound to respect confidentiality of participants; the information obtained is supposed to be used only for study and destroyed afterwards. Permission: The participation to this study is supposed to be granted from university. Informed consent: the participation to the study is voluntary, the researcher should inform those participating they are free to be in the study or not. No one is supposed to forced to participates in the study. References Beck A.T., Ward E., Mendelson M., Mock J. Erlbaugh J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archive General Psychiatry. 4, 561-671 Bradbury-Jones C., Irvine F. Sambrook S. (2010). Phenomenology and participant feedback: Convention or contention. Nurse Researcher. Burns, N. Grove, S.K. (2009). The Practice of Nursing Research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence. Saunders, USA. Borghans, L., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., Ter Weel, B. (2008). The economics and psychology of personality traits. Journal of Human Resources, 43(4), 972-1059 Benjamin, L. T. (2009). The birth of American Intelligence Testing. Monitor on Psychology, 40(1), 20. Campbell, J.L. (2007) Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways? An institutional theory of corporate social responsibility, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp.946967. Cormack D. (2000). The Research Process in Nursing. 4th edn. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, Great Britain Holaday M. Yarbrough A. (1996). Results of a hospital survey to determine the extent and type of psychological services offered to patients with severe burns. Journal of Burn care and Rehabilitation. 17, 280 Klein J.M. (2009). Perspectives in psychiatric consultation liaison nursing: The psychiatric nurse in burn care. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 45(1), 71-74. Lawrence J.W., Heinberg L., Roca R., Spence R., Munster A. Fauerbach J.A. (1998). Frequency and correlates of depression symptoms among long-term adult burn survivors. Rehabilitation Psychology. 51(4), 306-313. LoBiondo-Wood G. Haber J (2002). Nursing Research: Methods, Critical Appraisal and Utilization. 5th edn. Mosby. St Louis, USA. Metz, E. C., Youniss, J. (2005). Longitudinal gains in civic development through school-based required service. Political Psychology, 25, 494-511. Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 7th Edition. Pearson Education Limited: UK.

Wednesday, April 22, 2020

Real Eve Reaction free essay sample

We were asked in our Archaeology class to watch two documentaries, one is â€Å"In Search of the Origins† and the other is â€Å"The Real Eve†. â€Å"In Search of the Origins† by Don Johanson discusses the discoveries of the fossils of Lucy, a Homo sapiens from Hadar, Ethiopia, the Laetoli footprints in Tanzania, and the fossils and other artifacts of Zinjanthropus boisei from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, Homo habilis also from Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania and Homo erectus in Turkana, Kenya. While â€Å"The Real Eve† discusses how mitochondrial DNA was used as an evidence to know who are real ancestors are. Only to find out that the modern humans are said to have first occupied East Africa. It is very interesting to know how modern humans have evolved from the past. But these two documentaries have a contradiction. Richard Leakey’s research, as described in the â€Å"In Search of the Origins† says that Homo erectus’ artifacts found in Turkana, Kenya tells us that Homo erectus were the inventors of fire and they have been able to travel from Africa and expanded their population to different parts of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Real Eve Reaction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And they later evolved from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens to Homo sapiens sapiens from those places under different circumstances in order to adapt to that place or region. So in other words, he is saying that modern humans’ ancestors are the Homo erectus. While â€Å"The Real Eve† argues that Homo sapiens occupied Africa in the past and they only travelled to other parts of the world later on. If I were to choose between the two arguments, I would choose the second one from â€Å"The Real Eve†.I was actually thinking that probably Homo sapiens were really from Africa and they just soon travelled. Maybe the first argument is partially right that Homo erectus were really able to travel to different parts of the world but I was also thinking that they also soon became extinct because there are lots of natural calamities that might happened in the past. Probably you would ask me how about the Homo sapiens, how were they able through those calamities? In my opinion again, probably they were smart enough that they innovated some ways to protect themselves.Probably they were more innovative than those Homo erectus. af course, I would really believe with the evidence of the second argument because they used mitochondrial DNA in tracking our ancestors. We know that this procedure is really reliable. Thinking of what should I prefer is really a tough choice. I can even ask, where did they all come from? Did the hominids really evolve from the other one or did they evolve separately? How did the transformation take place? All I believe is that God created all these things, creatures, as in ALL.

Monday, March 16, 2020

Webers Theory of Social Class Essays - Max Weber, Free Essays

Weber's Theory of Social Class Essays - Max Weber, Free Essays My Case Study Part 3: Research Recent studies suggest that Webers theory about class, status, and party is one of the most accurate theories found regarding social class. Weber's Theory of Social Class Class, Status & Party Marx saw class divisions as the most important source of social conflict. Weber's analysis of class is similar to Marx's, but he discusses class in the context of social stratification more generally. Class is one dimension of the social structure. Social status, or "social honor," is another. Both are significant contributors of social difference. Weber's treatment of class and status indicates the manner in which the material basis of society is related to the ideological. Social conflict can result from one or the other, or both. Social action is motivated by both, though in some cases more one than the other. By bringing in status, Weber provides a more flexible view of the details of social differences, and their implications for the lived experience of social actors. In order to fully understand Weber's perspective on stratification, we need to be familiar with a few general concepts: (i) power; (ii) domination; and, (iii) communal and societal action. I. Power, Domination, Communal & Societal Action A. Power Weber defines power as the ability of a actor (or actors) to realize his or her will in a social action, even against the will of other actors. Power relates to the ability to command resources in a particular domain. Economic power, then, is the ability to control material resources: to direct production, to monopolize accumulation, to dictate consumption. Societal power includes economic power, social power, legal or political power, and so forth. Although the control of these domains of resources usually go together, they represent different mechanisms of power, and are conceptually distinct. B. Domination Domination is the exercise of authority. Possession of power in a sphere results in dominance. Weber articulated three ideal types of domination: charisma, tradition and rational-legal. Charismatic domination rests on the character of the leader. Through inspiration, coercion, communication and leadership, a particular individual may succeed in occupying a central role in the planning and co-ordination of social action. Charisma, Weber believed, emerges in times of social crisis. People lose confidence in existing forms of authority, and the charismatic leader takes advantage of the crisis. Because it is a personalized form of authority, it tends to be unstable. It does not normally survive the death of the original leader, and it often abandons the leader while he or she is alive. For charismatic authority to be sustained, it must be routinized. Traditional authority is based on the belief in the legitimacy of well-established forms of power. Tradition implies an inherent, natural, or metaphysical quality in the state of affairs that makes it resistant to challenges by reason. Tradition often functions in a society with rigid forms of social hierarchy, because of the role of social inheritance and custom. Traditional authority is based on loyalty to the leadership. Power is exercised by commands issued from the leader or leadership group. Officials are obedient to that person or group, and the lines of authority are often unstated and vague. Traditional authority tends not to distinguish between public and private affairs. The task specialization, in terms of the exercise of power, is minimal. Rational-legal authority is based on a set of rules, and the belief in the legitimacy of the process of rule creation and enforcement. This form of domination is routinized through bureaucracy. It tends to remain independent of particular individuals, because authority resides in the office, or the organizational position of the role. In the bureaucracy, rational-legal power is exercised on the basis of knowledge and experience, not on personality or custom. Authority functions by means of obedience to the rules rather than persons. Bureaucracy tends to separate the personal and public spheres. Task specialization is extensive within the bureaucracy. C. Communal & Societal Action A communal action is oriented on the basis of a shared belief of affiliation. In other words, actors believe that they somehow belong together in some way. Their action stems from, and is co-ordinated by this sentiment. In contrast, societal action is oriented to a rational adjustment of interests. The motivation is not a sense of shared purpose, but rather, a recognition of shared interests. II. Class Weber identified three aspects

Saturday, February 29, 2020

Character and Setting in Popular Music

Whether through characters and scenes music in popular music or written literature like novels, a character can convey emotions and thoughts. The audience understands through the present role. Just as we find the character we like, we also find characters that look down. The setting is almost the same. Whether explicitly given or implicitly set, the audience will think about the picture. Sometimes it's a beautiful place, sometimes it's a place we'd rather ignore. In this article, we will explain the role of the environment in public machinery. Analyze the relationship between the central figure and the surrounding environment. Do you set character limit options or affect plot development? Does the environment play an important role in raising the theme of the story? Popular Machinery was written to imagine details to the audience. Men and women in the story are anonymous, there is no clue to the explanation of the story, there is no mention of the city, state or country where the sto ry takes place. This allows the reader to draw the context and detail of the story in his own way. Perhaps the reader has heard of it or is in a similar situation and you can put your face and place in the story. The setup details are very simple, but it is also the most detailed information on every element of the story. Whether through characters and scenes music in popular music or written literature like novels, a character can convey emotions and thoughts. The audience understands through the present role. Just as we find the character we like, we also find characters that look down. The setting is almost the same. Whether explicitly given or implicitly set, the audience will think about the picture. - Setting is a term indicating where the behavior occurred in the narrative work and the past time. However, the settings can be used for other purposes of the novel, such as as a symbol supporting the novel theme. Various settings of red letters such as market, forest, Hester Cott age are examples of this. The market is a typical department of a tough Puritans society In psychology literature, the word personality has become common. This is a term popular in the early 20 th century. Back then, people believed that people had a particular character and had a series of virtues and moral personality traits, including integrity, honesty, generosity, reliability. But by the middle of the century this word became unpopular and rarely used. The main reason for being rejected by psychologists is that according to the mainstream theory at the time, human behavior is determined not by individual but by environment.

Thursday, February 13, 2020

World-system on the hierarchy of China and Hong Kong Essay

World-system on the hierarchy of China and Hong Kong - Essay Example First, a theoretical framework for the concept of the world system has been constructed using current literature. Second, the political and economic history of China and HK has been examined. Finally, the development of China and HK since the 1980s will be compared. World-systems theory is a set of nested and overlapping interaction networks which focuses on understanding the development of multicultural territory labour division across core and periphery regions (Chase-duun, 1993, 1995; Wallerstein 1974, 2000). Wallerstein (1974) defines the world-system as a multicultural territorial division of labour, and defines two types: core and periphery. These are defined by the nature of their industries: core regions are characterized by capital-intensive, well-developed tertiary industries and periphery regions by labour-intensive primary and secondary industries. The specific claims of world-system theory can be separated into system structure and system dynamics. System structure defines the characteristics and relationships of the system components, with reference to core, periphery and semi-peripheral regions1. System dynamics concerns the processes of the upward or downward mobility within the structure (Shannon, 1996). When Mao Zedong established the People's Republic of China in 1949, the government's priority was the forcible redistribution of property (Kenneth, 1992). Marrin (1993) and other critics describe the first few decades after the creation of the Republic as being full of chaos, famine and class struggles. The Korean War induced the United States and United Nations to enforce a series of embargo punishments on China. Furthermore, the Soviet Union withdrew loans and technicians in 1960 due to a downturn in their relationship. The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution (1958-1976) not only paralyzed internal production and economic activities, but also separated China from the world-system economy (Marrin, 1993). Because China rigidly controlled international investments and trade, Hong Kong became the only port where China could buy foreign currency and items that were not obtainable locally (Miners, 1991). Hong Kong (pre-1980s) Hong Kong became a British colony at the end of the Opium War in 1842. Although its governor was appointed by Britain, colonial government did not promote any ideology to enhance its political legitimacy. Hong Kong has often been described as a free society (So & Kwitko, 1990). Colonial government adopted a "positive non-intervention" policy towards the economy while maintaining a competitive business environment to attract foreign investment, and pursued export-led industrialization in the early 1950s (Haddon-Cave, 1995). After China's political upheaval in1949, an influx of over sixty thousand refugees to HK (Hambro, 1955) brought substantial capital and labour resources, which were used to set up manufacturing factories. The embargoes imposed on Chinese trade in the 1950s helped subsidize the HK economy, with HK acting as a buffer zone between western countries and the Chinese market.

Saturday, February 1, 2020

Data Warehousing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Data Warehousing - Research Paper Example In recent times, significant transformation can be observed in the record keeping system of the businesses. Business organizations in the contemporary environment are less concerned about keeping transactional records through journals rather these organizations can be seen to prefer the use of computer and several business applications in order to perform their operations utmost accuracy. Similarly, it has been also noticed that most of the business firms prefers to use data warehouse in order to perform business operation quickly and accurately. Apart from this, it has been also observed that data warehouse is database system where integrated information needs to gather in order to perform various imperative tasks within the business domain. Furthermore, it has been observed that warehouse data can be accessed without entering the information source and inaccessible data sources can be availed through the help of warehouse data. Thus, it can be asserted that warehouse data has offer ed significant opportunity of performing several operations related with database management (Foshay et al., 2007). In this paper, the aim is to highlight the benefits and importance of data warehouse. Apart from this, the study will also explore the units of measurement, which are used in data storage system. Moreover, the discussion will also critically analyze the benefits of data warehouse in detail. According to Hwang & Xu (2008), data warehouse is a database system which has provided several benefits to the individuals and organizations. According to observation, it has been ascertained that data warehouse has usually offered information for its user to perform their task or fulfill requirements more efficiently and effective manner. Apart from this, it has been also perceived that data warehouse can improve the level of productivity for the individuals through saving times.

Friday, January 24, 2020

Alexander The Great Essay -- miscellaneuos

Alexander The Great Alexander the Great was a man with no equal in History. He was one of the most important forces known to man. Alexander the Great then crossed the Hellespoint, which is now called the Dardanelles and, as head of a Greek army undertook the war on Persia that his father had been planning. The march he had begun was to be one of the greatest in history. Alexander was one of the biggest influenced on people of all time and one of the most powerful personalities. He really molded people into acting the correct way. He brought people together and showed them how to live better. He defiantly changed the lives of many. Alexander the Great was born in 356 BC Philip his father was the brother of Perdiccas III king of Macedonia. His mother’s name was Olympia’s. Olympia’s was the daughter of King Neoptolemus I. He was known wide to be a great powerful man. Alexander had a younger sister named Cleopatra. The whole family had a lot of very important background. It was a fact t hat Alexander and Cleopatra’s parents did not get along. At this time it was a Macedonian tradition to have many wives. Philip had several and Olympia’s hated them all. She felt much hate towards them. When one of her rivals gave birth to a retarded son Arridaeus, there were many rumors that Olympia’s poisoned him. Olympia’s told Alexander that Philip wasn't his real father although he was. He made sure the boy was well educated, even the great philosopher Aristotle was one of Alexander's tutors. Even thought he though him well Philip wasn’t a very good father. He always discouraged Alexander and made him feel worthless. When Alexander the great was 3 his father’s son King Perdiccas died. His young son Amyntas was supposed to take his place as ruler. Philip was supposed to help him but he made his way above him making himself King Philip II. He proved to be a strong ruler, and in a few decades he conquered most of Greece. As a teenager Alexander became friends wit a boy around his age named Hephaestion. It was rumored that they were lovers. At this time Homosexuality was accepted in Greece. Even Alexander's father had many male lovers. Till this day no one really knows the relationship between the two but it is said that throughout their lives they stood by each other. When Alexander turned his father went away to war, leaving Alexander to serve as leader of Macedon. During t... ...me ill, and on June 13 he died in Babylon. He was 32. Historians have said that he died from malaria, but recently it has been said that he died of typhoid fever. The empire was soon torn apart by the struggles that Alexander the Great's advisors and generals had. This was now called the Diadochi. Diadochi is Greek for successors. In 319 the â€Å"Antipater† died and was succeeded as regent by Polyperchon, whom did Antipater’s son Cassander quickly oust. In time Roxanne and her son were also killed by Cassander, who became the king of Macedon in 305 BC. Alexander Aegus was thirteen when he died. He left his empire in his own words, "to the strongest. Whether or not Alexander had plans for any world conquering cannot be determined but he had accomplished greater conquests than any before him. He was one of the greatest generals of all time and one of the most powerful personalities of antiquity. He influenced the spread of Hellenism throughout the Middle East and into Asia; establishing city-states modeled on Greek institutions that flourished long after his death. Alexander will never be superior to any man and will remain forever as "the Great" in the pages of History as we know it.

Wednesday, January 15, 2020

Poverty a retrospect of beliefs with the wrong reality Essay

As children we see life through a different set of eyes than others, and we accept the reality of our surroundings by how others judge us. We were the poor kids of the neighborhood and the others kids let us know that. My parents divorced when I was 5 and things were rough for my mother with 3 kids to raise on welfare. We thought we had it bad. Sometimes, we didn’t know where the next meal was coming from or who was going to help if things got worse; I remember we would stand in line to receive the food box for the month. Mom would put meals together and then she would leave for several weeks at a time, being on the road working for the Roller Derby. We never knew who our babysitters were going to be or if they were going to treat us with some sort of dignity and respect. Many times we took matters into our own hands and got rid of them and others just left, because we were not always the best behaved kids in the world, and we were always in some kind of trouble. The cops would bring us home at least 3 times a week for doing some crazy thing in the neighborhood, or stealing something from the local store to eat. After a while the cops and the store owners would just ask if we had something to eat or if there was something that we needed. Those were the days when people did come together and help others that were less fortunate, and we definitely needed the help. Our cousins lived in Firestone Park, a suburb of Los Angeles. They had some of the same obstacles to overcome except they did not have the community support that we received. My aunt was a single mother and did not receive food stamps. As I think back now on the difference between our lives, and the obstacles they faced compared to ours, we had it made. We faced challenges just as they did; I have been behind bars many times in my life. Both I and my older brother had interventions that changed our lives. My brother found out that the only way to change his life was to change his environment and look for other ways to support himself and his family than drugs. There were no food boxes available to my cousins and the cops were not as forgiving as they were in our neighborhood; the cops took my cousins to juvenile hall. There is one difference between my cousins and my family; they were half black and white. They were not looked at with the same sympathetic eyes as us and they told us about the way they were treated by the people of the city, and putting you all behind bars was the only way to solve the problem. From early on in their lives, they had to face the harsh reality that they were not treated the same as others even in their own community. Being called names by the other kids in the neighborhood, they had to fight everyday just to earn respect and they became the aggressors. They did things that we never thought of at our age, but that was the live they lived. My cousins went to juvenile hall very early on, and when they would get out, it did not take long for them to be locked up again. One of my cousins has spent over 3/4th of his life behind bars, and that is the only life he knows. We had spent a couple of days here and there in juvenile hall where they spent months throughout their teenage years. They did not have the same kind of caring community members as we did in our little part of the world; being a big city, crime was a way of life for kids there. There were not many options for the young people and joining a gang and the reality of death was just an everyday part of life. Drug abuse was prevalent and my cousins excelled in the life of crime. If it had not been for the YMCA in our community and the people that were placed into our lives, things for us could have been just as it was for my cousins. Both of my brothers have been in jail a time or two, except for my youngest brother who is spending the rest of his life in prison. He was sentenced to 25 to life, 25 to life and 18 years for crimes he was involved in 1994. I moved away from Stockton, California in 1996. My older brother moved away several years after I did and he now lives in Waldport, Oregon. He is a well respected part of the community. My journey began in 1995, after suffering a heart attack behind an overdose of Methamphetamine; I knew that I needed to change my life when I woke from the coma, and the charges that I was facing from running from the law for over 2 years. The judge whom I went in front of gave me my way out, but the road was not going to be easy. I had to complete a drug program, pay up all my fines and go to parenting classes. My kids had suffered long enough; they had to deal with all my addictions, the stealing, lying and cheating. It was going to be a battle, but I was willing to do what it was going to take to put my life back on the right track. The judge looked at me and told me â€Å"that if you do not complete this program and do all the requirements that I have set forth, that I would be facing 15 to 20 years straight time†. Thanks to the Veterans Administration and a Stockton Sheriff named Officer Garcia, the judge was going to give me a chance of a lifetime. All of the charges against me were to be dropped, and my records sealed and I would have a fresh start in life. The judge said it was against his better judgment to give me this opportunity, but I had a lot of people willing to give me a chance. He was looking forward to putting me behind bars. My cousins never had any kind of opportunities such as the one I was given and they were criminals and they would be punished to the full extent of the law. All of my cousins are in prison for life because of 3 strikes law. One of my cousins was not so lucky; He was shot and killed by the Los Angeles police that said he had pulled out a gun but none was ever found. They called it justifiable shooting, also known as guilt by association. I look back at the events of my life and realize that we were not poor by any means compared to other families in the Los Angeles area. The opportunities we had been given were not there for them and although we committed some of the same crimes, their punishment was more severe. I could never imagine being where I am today. I thank God for the people I have had in my life that gave me some different perspectives and hope that I could have more than I ever dreamed of. I look at how my cousins were raised and they way we were, and there are similarities, but we had it easy compared to them. Being of two different nationalities and dealing with the everyday stresses of the big city life must have been a burden that I am not sure if we would have survived. I must admit that life was not always rosy and wonderful, but we always had a roof over our heads and we might not have had the best meals but at least we had one. I am grateful to all the people I have had in my life that thought there was something to fight for and never let me give up hope. I pray for my cousins every day and give thanks to the lord for all that I have been given. Works Cited †. Howell, James, Decker, Scott H. â€Å"The Youth Gangs, Drugs, and Violence Connection Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, January 1999. U. S. Department of Justice. Boyz N the Hood Singleton, John. 1991. Columbia Pictures

Tuesday, January 7, 2020

Physics of Stars Essay examples - 1046 Words

Stars are phenomenal glowing spheres that everyone has noticed in the night sky. Long ago they were poorly understood. Today, with the help from astronomers, physicists, and other space scientists, we have discovered a large amount of information about stars. These huge balls of flaming gas have many different ranges of characteristics. We can observe the many fascinating colors that may be displayed from stars. Some of them are not stars themselves, but the trillions of fragments left behind after they explode into supernova (Moreau, 2000). There is a huge variation in sizes of stars as well. They range from super giants to small dwarfs. Most often their sizes correlate to their age or the particular cycle they are beginning to†¦show more content†¦These two diagrams show the action of subatomic particles smashing into each other creating other elements and energy as a byproduct. Both of these pictures demonstrate the occurrence between the most common elements, hydrogen and helium, undergoing fusion. Sometimes when dealing with mathematical descriptions of specific phenomenon concerning stars the complexity may become intense. However, we will explore common occurrences and changes of stars that can be described by simple mathematical relationships. One primary occurrence between stars that are approaching their later stages is a reduction in their radius. This occurs when elements such as hydrogen and helium in the center of the star change into gaseous iron from electron exchanges and other processes. Eventually the star becomes very dense and the radius of the star is reduced. By the conservation of angular momentum in this case, the velocity must increase due to the decreased radius (Kippenhahn, 194-95). Lets do a calculation to show this. By the conservation of angular momentum we get this equation: Ii wi = If wf, where Ii is the initial moment of inertia, wi is the initial angular speed, and If and wf are the final products of what I just listed. The moment of inertia of a sphere is (2/5)mR^2, where m is the mass and R is the radius. Plugging these into the equation Ii wi = If wf, we get, (2/5)mRi^2 wi = (2/5)mRf^2 wf.Show MoreRelatedPhysics : Dark Matter, The Sun, Other Stars, And Galaxies1462 Words   |  6 Pagesincluding Earth, the sun, other stars, and galaxies is made of protons, neutrons, and electrons bundled together into atoms (National Geographic, 2012). Astronomers use the term ‘baryonic’ to refer to all objects made of normal atomic matter, essentially ignoring the presence of electrons (Swinburne University, 2015). Baryons interact with each other through gravity, nuclear forces and the electrostatic force. 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