Core Issues in Crime and Punishment - 3260 Words

Critically evlaute which criminologc Jimmy Boyles autobiography A Sense of Freedom (1977) gives a very interesting and honest insight into his life of crime and incarceration. The autobiography, written from inside prison, is according to Boyle an attempt to warn young people that there is not anything glamorous about crime and violence. It gives a full narration of his life from a very young age, with a detailed insight into his childhood, experiences of petty crime, approved schools and borstal, right through to his adult experiences of more serious crime, violence and adult prisons, including his interpretation of the Penal System. Reading this autobiography I aimed to remain detached from the author and seek to create an independent†¦show more content†¦In this sense for Boyle the benefit of committing crime outweighed the cost, which explains his ongoing criminal behaviour. However, these benefits received would be an after effect of committing these crimes. What the Rational Choice theory fails to explain is why the need for committing the crime in the first place. Although Rational Choice theory does mention the psychological and sociological aspects that the offender brings with them into certain situations, it bases these aspects on calculating whether to commit the crime or not, rather than what sociological or psychological effects would contribute towards committing the crime in the first place i.e. strain, inequality, poverty, learned behaviour etc. Therefore it still does not seek to explain the individuals social circumstances. In this sense according to Newburn (2007) it fails to take sufficient account of the structural conditions within which individual decision-making takes place (Newburn, 2007,296) Simply Rational Choice theory does not explain the reasons for committing crime in the first place. It explains the process that takes place when there is an opportunity for crime. According to Newburn (2007) it fails to explain or is unconcerned with the motivation of the o ffender. What it does seek to explain is the reasons why offenders such as BoyleShow MoreRelatedJustification Of Punishment Justified By Ted Honderinch s Punishment1038 Words   |  5 PagesWhy punish? Is the use of punishment Justified? Ted Honderinch’s Punishment: The supposed Justifications Revisited aim to answer these questions. Punishment is at the core of our punitive systems, therefore society needs to establish a well thought-out moral explanation as to why we punish and what we aim to achieve with the use of punishment. Honderinch set out to analyze the supposed moral claims that justify the practice of punishment and to determine if they are satisfactory enough for the intentionalRead MoreThe Theory Of The Criminal Justice System931 Words   |  4 Pages The notion that punishment should be equal to the crime is a major philosophy in the US criminal justice system. However, finding a great balance between justice and punishment is often a blurred line. Over the past 40 years, the population of state and federal prisons have risen drastically. Polices such as the war on drugs and get tough on crime have caused judges to give out more incarceration years than ever before. With such are large prison population, the resources needed to operate isRead MoreA Liberal Perspective On Capital Punishment1247 Words   |  5 PagesCapital Punishment The liberal ideology is based in the values of individualism, in that the individual themselves is important in their pursuit and struggle for freedom. There are some factors that are common in liberalism, some of which include: liberty, formation of equality and dominance of individuals in bearing within their society. This essay will discuss these ideas of liberalism in relation to how they support the controversial issue of capital punishment. Capital punishment is the sentencingRead MorePunishment Of A Crime And Criminal Justice System994 Words   |  4 Pages The history of punishment in America has had multiple changes in order for the rules and regulations to adapt to societies changing ways. The most common punishment is jail time or imprisonment, however in this date and age time punishment is not the only option to punish a criminal of the society, probation, parole, house arrest and even being put in solitary confinement, or worse the death penalty are options. With this in mind we must as a society and criminal justice system be able to applyRead MoreIs The Criminal Justice Reform?957 Words   |  4 Pages Every prison is designed to punish for crimes committed, but not to torture a human being. The criminal justice reform in Africa focuses on alternative sentencing to improve conditions inside prisons and reduce recidivism. In 1996, a meeting was held in Kampala, Uganda to create a more effective penal system. The Deputy Chief of Justice of Uganda declared the official implementation of community service in 2001 . As a result of the Kampala declaration, the community service program was acceptedRead MoreIs The Death Penalty Ever Justified?1099 Words   |  5 Pagesboth supporters and protesters of the death penalty. Arguing against capital punishment, many believe The death penalty is the ultimate denial of human rights (White).† Some simply believe it to be premeditated and cold-blooded killing of a human being by the state in the name of justice (about.com). It violates the right to life. Some would even argue that this violates the Eight Amendment for no cruel or unusual pu nishment inflected. Many argue that the death penalty diminishes all of us, increasesRead MoreEssay on Death Penalty for Youth Offenders935 Words   |  4 PagesFounded in the Principles of Babalyonian in 1780 BCE, the Code of Hammurabi first established the action of retalitation and retribution of an eye for an eye. Over time punishment theories have developed from retribution, detterence, incapacitation, rehabilitation and reform. Regardless of this development the death penalty has been in existence as far back as history can tell. The death penalty is a concept of retribution, its a simple and swift answer to physical or pyschological harmRead MoreDeterrence Theory And Its Effect On The Individual s Perception Of The Crime Essay1147 Words   |  5 Pagesperspective should be addressed to encompass the crime. Deterrence theory understands that when there is a low likelihood of getting caught or the punishment is minimal it will not deter the individual from the crime. This theory theorizes the individual as a rational actor who understand the penalties and can logically think and control their actions accordingly. Shoplifters may not be informed of the likelihood of detection, risks, or other punishments of the crime. In this theory: Perceptions of sanctionRead MoreThe Prison System Should Be Abolished1237 Words   |  5 Pagesprison system which is a significant part of punishment is incompetent and deeply flawed in the United States. Prison system reform needs immediate attention while abolition permanently will require time. Nietzsche’s theory of punishment explains how punishment come about in society and Davis’s critique of the prison system helps back my argument that the prison system needs to be abolished. Traditionally, there have been four justifications for punishment: deterrence, confinement, rehabilitation andRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Eliminated1679 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the history of humanity, punishments have been in place for the wrongful acts of citizens within governmental systems of all kinds. In America during the early days of the country, the death penalty was a more viable solution than it appears today due to the quality of the prisons, which couldn’t sustain prisoners long-term. (Von Drehle, 2015). Today, this is not an issue with prisons that are provided both by the state and federal governments and that are fully capable of holding offenders

Social Stratification in India and the United States Essay

As a result of increasing populations, various governments around the world have developed socially stratified societies as a means to control their inhabitants. In these societies â€Å"people are hierarchy divided and ranked into social strata†¦and do not share equally in basic resources that support survival† (Haviland, 2008; 258). More specifically, the Hindu cast system in India and the social class system in the United States of America are two examples of social stratification that have been developed to control a large population into a manageable number of social categories. Although these two forms of taxonomy are distinct and unique in their own right, they are very similar in the sense that they control a large heterogeneous group†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, the religious belief in karma conditions people of lower casts to behave accordingly, so as to not jeopardize their upward movement into higher categories when they are reincarnated. A simil ar system of stratification is the class system used in the United States. As seen in the film People Like Us, this system is composed of an upper, middle and lower social class in which its members share interests, opinions and a common outlook on life. Like in India, individuals are usually born into their respective classes giving them certain limitations and guidelines to follow. The upper class is composed of social elites who are wealthy and usually become powerful figures in society, such as politicians or the owners of major corporations (Louis Alvarez and Andrew Kolker, 2001). On the other hand, the lower class is composed of hard working people who are poor and usually stay within their strata due to race, lifestyle and the occupations that are available to them with little or no opportunity for upward mobility. For example, Karen Brodkin Sacks asserts in her article â€Å"How Did Jews Become White Folks,† that â€Å"the United States has a history of anti-Semitism and of beliefs that Jews [and African Americans] were members of an inferior race† therefore, they were classified asShow MoreRelatedSocial Stratification, Inequality and Slavery Essay976 Words   |  4 PagesBackground: Social stratification is the structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and powers in a society it includes slavery, castes, the estate system, and social classes. Social stratification can been seen necessary through a functionalist eyes due to the fact that it motivates people to accept all jobs required for the society to survive. Conflict theorists see stratification as a major source of societal tension and conflict, different social levelsRead MoreThe United States Of America And India Essay881 Words   |  4 Pagesglance, the United States of America and India do not seem to have many similarities, however after researching them further it became very clear that they are more alike than they are different. They share, what I feel, is one of the biggest restraints on societal growth, forms of social stratification. Social stratification is the division or categorization of people based on their socioeconomic strata, occupation, inco me, wealth or derived power and may even be identified as social structure. SocialRead MoreGlobal Stratification721 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Global stratification generally has a negative reputation. Critics see outsourcing as impacting both domestic and foreign countries in a negative way. 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The text will demonstrate this by into different aspects of their cultures featuring its norms and values, marriage and families, stratification and Inequalities whilst attempting to link these to twoRead MoreSocial Stratification And The Caste System Essay1342 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Stratification Social stratification is an important component of society, as it helps individuals determine their proper place in society by creating a form of social hierarchy (Larkin, 2015). Many analysis use the social stratification system to help determine the inequalities, and this system of organization is found in every society across the world, though it will differ from one society to another (Larkin, 2015). Sociologists group different and diverse people into different levelsRead MoreRelevance of Social Stratification1272 Words   |  6 PagesSocial stratification is defined as the division of a society into a number of hierarchically arranged strata. Strata are the levels or classes in society which are layered in a structured hierarchy with the least privileged at the bottom and most privileged at the top. (Giddens, 1977) A society, or human society, is a group of people related to each other through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or virtual territory, subject to the same political authorityRead MoreConflict Theory Response : Racism851 Words   |  4 PagesToday, I believe that the root issue of racial discrimination, or exclusion, is the legitimization of imperialism in the 19th century and the praise of capitalism/ neoliberalism on the international stage today. These political ends encourage stratification of the classes on all fronts, split labor markets, and create false consciousness in regard to the elite public. In truth, I have a hard time recognizing prejudice in regard to the African American public in Colorado. I’ve grown up in a largelyRead MoreSchools Like Crispus Attacks Are Not More Disadvantaged?1137 Words   |  5 PagesIn the United States, there has been a long debate over whether or not students without means are more disadv antaged in life than those that do have the means. This has historically been a very conflicting topic when it comes to the data that has been gathered. This is because of a variety of different factors that have been studied to try and explain the phenomenon. After volunteering with the pantry and the distribution center, I feel that there is something to be said when coming from a placeRead MoreEth 125 Final Paper1590 Words   |  7 Pagesmany ways and has encouraged me to look at ethics and cultural diversity in many different ways. 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Percptions And Experiences On Provision †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Examining Nurses Percptions And Experiences On Provision Of Psycholoical Care To Burn Victims On Recovery Phase. Answer: Identifying research question Burn victims psychological needs are a very crucial part in recovery of their burn injuries. Moreover, little has been done on investigating the psychological care to burn patients. According to Bernstein (1976) he explored the idea on patients who had suffered large burn on their body surface area and burn on some body parts which are visible and concluded that those who had survived burns injuries have to agree with their new body shape and appreciate their worthiness following their burn injuries. Therefore, Bernstein proposes what the burn patients should overcome in their daily lives pertaining their new body shapes according to their psychological needs BUT he does not address on how to overcome and offer social and emotional support to we these challenges and burn patients. Thus, there lies a research gap to be undertaken to capture this bit of gap that exists between we and the burn patients. Burns patients need psychological assessment and also need to be provided both psychological support and care in the burns unit areas. According to previous conducted studies and findings it is found that a few patients who suffered burn reported statistically significant psychological matters because of their burn injuries as there is no discussion while being taken to hospital. Therefore, the proposed research topic is an emerging issue in the society and the researcher identifies this research gap in order to address the psychological issues on burn victims and to give a greater attention in-depth to this emerging issue. Past studies show that very little has been researched on relating to psychological issues and much of crucial information and actions have been neglected. And this brings greater suffering to the burn patients who really need mutual support from the society around them. Many studies and findings on the proposed research topic reveal that majority of burn victims are prone to psychological harm before recovery in burns unit. This motivates the researcher to undertake the proposed study so as to identify the research gaps in order to address the issue of psychological care to the burn victims very effectively and take necessary action to curb the vice against burn injuries. The researcher would also want to know the nurses role towards provision of psychological care to the burn victims and gain an opinion and new ideas of the subject. Literature review Many studies related to burn injuries are majorly based on various burns physical implications that concentrate mainly on major burn injuries. This literature review focuses majorly on various social and psychological implications and the nurses beliefs concerning the issues. Most of research studies in this area were found to use qualitative research methods that were effectively used for data collection analysis and interpretation. Some of the relevant topics in this area have been explored and discussed in depth in past studies and therefore this proposed study would only try to discuss in depth the very crucial information that seem to have lag behind. This would give a clear insight of these relevant topics and fill the research gap that seems to be unfilled and even allow for that gap for conducting future study in related areas. This underlying proposed study therefore addresses the following themes under the research topic of study. Psychological indictors/implications There is a very great risk of Burn victims resulting to some psychological effects that may differ from individual to the other. Complexities that may occur to a burn victim include, stress, depression, grief, sleep disturbances and anxiety. Depression is one of the most common side effects among the burn patients, (Lawrence et al, 2006). Moi et al. (2008), acknowledges that some psychological effects are predisposing factors that can cause depression, these include; isolation, stigmatization and social withdrawal. Hulbert-Williams et al. (2008) conducted a series of qualitative studies using qualitative methods to investigate the levels of anxiety related to severe burn in environs of Britain. The findings of the study reported that burn victims needed not just more of physical treatment but also in overcoming the stress and trauma that results from burn and much of therapy was necessary to reduce depression, anxiety and any other psychological issues experienced by burn patients. Psychological assessment and treatment of psychological issues is assigned roles to the nurses who really contribute to greater extend the physical recovery of the patient. Psychological interventions Blakeney et al. (2005) undertook a qualitative research that investigated how shorts term skill can help people to improve on stress and depression. The study composed of two groups that are, the treatment group and the control. The results of the research findings showed that the case (who received interventions workshops) as there were less withdrawal and had fewer parietal complaints and control group recorded no significant change. Muangman et al. (2005). conducted a study that focused on the benefits of psychological and physical variables which could be used to forecast survival in burn patients with serious and large burn injuries. He made some conclusions from his findings that really could be used to draw some inferences of the phenomenon. It concluded that lack of social support from family or friends and the society exposed burn victims to very high complications risks and therefore the nursing workers should take an initiative to support the patients and play their intervention role. This would reduce stress and anxiety levels the burn victims might be undergoing. Following the past studies in this area, it can be concluded that psychological interventions this will promote and increase patient recovery rate following burn injuries. Nursing Role According Greenfield (2010) besides knowledge required in burn care regarding physical effects, some effort is also required in rehabilitation services in burns unit and also psychological skills. Therefore, rehabilitation should take place in the very first day of admission in burns unit with the aim of restoring the whole self-esteem to the burn victims and enhancing psychological skills that may be of benefit to the patient. This would promote social support and psychological care and even improving the well-being of the burn victims who really are under hospitalization. This can be achieved through positive nursing input working in collaboration with patients and families to ensure continuous and efficient communication with both parties (Williams 2009). Finally, severe burn injuries need nursing interventions, therefore, patients who are suffering from these severe burn injuries often depend on nurses and nursing interventions in all areas of burns unit. Nurses should play a key role in their profession in handling all the cases and negative experiences encountered by the patients in the right manner. Nurses do assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation based on psychological care of burn victims (Baker et al. 2007) Research question The researcher intends to investigate the psychological issue in-depth and gain an insight of the same. He would also like to establish the role played by registered nurses Hospitals and hospital staff towards provision of psychological care to the burn victims. This would generally be of benefit to the burn victims and the concerned bodies. Much attention has to be paid towards offering psychological care to burn victims who suffer both acute and major burn injuries in visible body locations. As these burn injuries may bring a discomfort to the burn victims such as stress overload, loneliness, stigmatization, isolation, decreased self -esteem and other vices. Therefore, some improvised methods to improve service provision and burn treatment need to be implemented by the concerned bodies such as hospitals. Therefore, there exists a research gap in this area that will address all the factors that may contribute to the proposed study. This proposed study will therefore try to address the research question what are nurses perceptions and experience of providing psychological care for burn victims. Aims and objectives The underlying proposed study will answer this research question what are nurses perceptions and experiences of providing psychological care for burn victims? Some crucial emphasis on reviewing patients psychological care is necessary especially when the burn victims are under hospitalization. The nurses are entitled to the role of providing optimal psychological care to burn victims and also offering psychological assessment of the burn victims in the burns unit. The researcher therefore undertakes this proposed study to examine the nurses experience and perception in ensuring and providing psychological care to victims of burn Methodology A descriptive qualitative research design will be adopted for this proposed study for it will explore the research question under the proposed study. This research design selected for the research would be suitable to achieve the objective of the study since it is suited to answering the research question under study. Qualitative studies provide researchers with a chance to study behaviors, feelings, perspectives and experiences in depth. It also enlightens the researchers on quality and complexity of certain situations in holistic framework (Halloway and Wheeler 2002). This design facilitates qualitative methods under the proposed study that the researcher will use to justify the findings of the study. Qualitative research makes use of quantitative approach to gain insight necessary in the study. Given that there are mainly four approaches used in qualitative research namely phenomenology, historiography, ethnography and grounded theory, this research adopted none of the approaches, (Burn Groove, 2009). They were not suitable this study due to reliability and validity issues. The design chosen in the research must be the one which is most appropriate to answer and obtain objectives of the research question, (Parahoo, 2006). The descriptive approach help in explaining and describing the necessary and most important findings in a more exclusive way which free from error, biases and distortion, it help to describe, identify and summarize new issues or current position, (Brabury J. et al. 2009). The study chose this approach as researcher want to identify current issues with nurses perception, justify it or describe it. The design is appropriate as it facilitates achievement of research objective and aims. Sample Purposive sampling technique will be used. The sampling frame will be obtained by deploying nursing staff from a recognized regional burns unit established within the Melbourne, Australia. This sampling technique will only involve a small sample due to the complexity of the study and sequential analysis of data that will be required. The researcher would therefore request for permission of data collection from the involved bodies before gaining any consent from the participants. Data collection The researcher will conduct data collection for qualitative study. The data will be gathered through intensive interviews that will entail open -ended and semi-structured questions for clarity through open discussions. Oral interviews will give the researcher an opportunity to gather any additional information and also be able to identify some ambiguities in his research and seek clarification where necessary. In the process of data collection, the researcher will be expected to maintain the anonymity of the participants and their privacy during the interviews. Data analysis From data collection methods, qualitative data would be collected. The researcher will therefore employ the appropriate data analysis techniques for qualitative data. The data analysis process will be based on three activities data reduction, interpretation and reducing data into patterns/stratum for easy analysis. Data cleaning will also take process to remove ambiguous data points before any analysis commences. Statistical software such as SPSS, EXCEL and others will be used in analysis of the qualitative data. Data that will be gathered during the data collection process will reduced to strata and be categorized in order to identify similar themes and also effect the process of data cleaning. The process of data analysis will be accompanied by data interpretation of the findings of the research. Ethical considerations of the study Professionalism: this ensures professional ethics and codes are followed by the researcher. This also helps the researcher to have self respect and respect those who will be in the study. Confidentiality: the researcher is bound to respect confidentiality of participants; the information obtained is supposed to be used only for study and destroyed afterwards. Permission: The participation to this study is supposed to be granted from university. Informed consent: the participation to the study is voluntary, the researcher should inform those participating they are free to be in the study or not. No one is supposed to forced to participates in the study. References Beck A.T., Ward E., Mendelson M., Mock J. Erlbaugh J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archive General Psychiatry. 4, 561-671 Bradbury-Jones C., Irvine F. Sambrook S. (2010). Phenomenology and participant feedback: Convention or contention. Nurse Researcher. Burns, N. Grove, S.K. (2009). The Practice of Nursing Research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence. Saunders, USA. Borghans, L., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., Ter Weel, B. (2008). The economics and psychology of personality traits. Journal of Human Resources, 43(4), 972-1059 Benjamin, L. T. (2009). The birth of American Intelligence Testing. Monitor on Psychology, 40(1), 20. Campbell, J.L. (2007) Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways? An institutional theory of corporate social responsibility, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp.946967. Cormack D. (2000). The Research Process in Nursing. 4th edn. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, Great Britain Holaday M. Yarbrough A. (1996). Results of a hospital survey to determine the extent and type of psychological services offered to patients with severe burns. Journal of Burn care and Rehabilitation. 17, 280 Klein J.M. (2009). Perspectives in psychiatric consultation liaison nursing: The psychiatric nurse in burn care. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 45(1), 71-74. Lawrence J.W., Heinberg L., Roca R., Spence R., Munster A. Fauerbach J.A. (1998). Frequency and correlates of depression symptoms among long-term adult burn survivors. Rehabilitation Psychology. 51(4), 306-313. LoBiondo-Wood G. Haber J (2002). Nursing Research: Methods, Critical Appraisal and Utilization. 5th edn. Mosby. St Louis, USA. Metz, E. C., Youniss, J. (2005). Longitudinal gains in civic development through school-based required service. Political Psychology, 25, 494-511. Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 7th Edition. Pearson Education Limited: UK.